Low Testosterone in Men: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Hormone Therapy

Testosterone plays a crucial role in men's health, influencing energy, mood, muscle mass, and sexual function. When testosterone levels drop below normal, men may experience a range of symptoms that affect their quality of life. Understanding the signs of low testosterone, how it is diagnosed, and the treatment options available can help men take control of their health and well-being.

Blood sample for testosterone level testing

Recognizing Symptoms of Low Testosterone

Low testosterone, also known as hypogonadism, can develop gradually and sometimes goes unnoticed. Symptoms vary but often include:

• Fatigue and low energy

Men may feel unusually tired despite adequate rest.

• Reduced muscle mass and strength

Muscle tone decreases, making physical activity more difficult.

• Increased body fat

Fat accumulation, especially around the abdomen, may increase.

• Low libido and erectile dysfunction

A drop in sexual desire and performance issues are common.

• Mood changes

Depression, irritability, and difficulty concentrating can occur.

• Decreased bone density

This raises the risk of fractures and osteoporosis.

• Sleep disturbances

Insomnia or poor sleep quality may develop.

These symptoms can overlap with other health conditions, so it is important not to self-diagnose but to seek professional evaluation.

How Low Testosterone Is Diagnosed

Diagnosis begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination. Doctors look for symptoms and risk factors such as age, chronic illnesses, or medication use.

Blood Tests

The key step is measuring testosterone levels through blood tests. Testosterone levels fluctuate throughout the day, so tests are usually done in the morning when levels peak. Doctors often order:

• Total testosterone

Measures all testosterone in the blood.

• Free testosterone

Measures the active form not bound to proteins.

If initial tests show low levels, additional tests may check related hormones like luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to determine if the problem originates in the testicles or the brain.

Imaging and Other Tests

In some cases, imaging studies such as MRI scans of the pituitary gland may be necessary to rule out tumors or other abnormalities affecting hormone production.

Hormone Therapy as a Treatment Option

When low testosterone is confirmed and symptoms affect daily life, hormone therapy may be recommended. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) aims to restore testosterone to normal levels and relieve symptoms.

Forms of Testosterone Therapy

• Injections

Testosterone is injected into muscle every 1 to 2 weeks.

• Gels and creams

Applied daily to the skin, allowing testosterone absorption.

• Patches

Adhesive patches deliver testosterone through the skin.

• Pellets

Small pellets implanted under the skin release testosterone over months.

Benefits and Risks

TRT can improve energy, mood, muscle mass, bone density, and sexual function. However, therapy requires monitoring because it may cause side effects such as:

• Acne or oily skin

• Sleep apnea worsening

• Increased red blood cell count

• Prostate enlargement concerns

  
  

Men with certain conditions, like prostate cancer or severe heart disease, may not be candidates for TRT.

Monitoring During Therapy

Regular follow-up visits include blood tests to check testosterone levels, red blood cell counts, and prostate health. Adjustments to dosage help maintain benefits while minimizing risks.

Different testosterone replacement therapy options

Lifestyle Changes to Support Testosterone Levels

Alongside hormone therapy or as a preventive measure, lifestyle changes can support healthy testosterone levels:

• Exercise regularly

Strength training and high-intensity workouts boost testosterone.

• Maintain a balanced diet

Include healthy fats, proteins, and micronutrients like zinc and vitamin D.

• Manage stress

Chronic stress raises cortisol, which can lower testosterone.

• Get enough sleep

Aim for 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep per night.

• Avoid excessive alcohol and smoking

Both can negatively affect hormone levels.

When to See a Doctor

Men experiencing symptoms such as persistent fatigue, low libido, or mood changes should consult a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Testosterone therapy is not suitable for everyone, so professional guidance is essential to weigh benefits and risks.

Low testosterone affects many men but often goes undiagnosed. Recognizing symptoms, getting proper testing, and exploring treatment options can restore vitality and well-being. If you suspect low testosterone, take the first step by talking to your doctor about evaluation and possible hormone therapy. Your health and energy are worth it.